Additional Resources

Module 1	Introduction	Unit 1 IIS Sustainability Toolkit Introduction
Module 2	Getting Started	Unit 1 How to Use this Toolkit
Module 3	Defining IIS Sustainability	Unit 1 What is IIS Sustainability and Why Does it Matter?
Module 4	Strategy 1: Diversifying Funding	Unit 1 Diversifying Funding Introduction	Unit 2 Approach A. Leveraging Medicaid Match	Unit 3 Approach B. Billing for IIS Data
Module 5	Strategy 2: Optimizing IIS Efficiency	Unit 1 Optimizing IIS Efficiency Introduction	Unit 2 Approach A. Increasing the Use of Shared Services	Unit 3 Approach B: Leveraging Shared Infrastructure	Unit 4 Approach C: Using Open Source Software	Unit 5 Approach D. Implementing Process Automation	Unit 6 Approach E: Modernizing IIS
Module 6	Success Stories from the Field	Unit 1 Success Stories Introduction	Unit 2 Using Medicaid Match to Diversify IIS Funding	Unit 3 Diversifying IIS Funding Through Health Plan Billing	Unit 4 Slowing the Curve to Manage Rising IIS Costs
Module 7	Additional Considerations	Unit 1 Additional Considerations
Module 8	Additional Resources Related to Sustainability	Unit 1 Additional Resources
Module 9	References	Unit 1 References
Module 10	Abbreviations and Acronyms	Unit 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms

Additional resources

Data modernization

Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Sustaining DMI: Leveraging Medicaid to advance public health data and surveillance. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/topic/report/sustaining-dmi-leveraging-medicaid-to-advance-data-surveillance/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Sustaining DMI: Conditions for enhanced funding. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/topic/resource/sustaining-dmi-conditions-for-enhanced-funding/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Sustaining DMI: A state health official’s guide to enhanced funding. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/topic/resource/sustaining-dmi-sthos-guide-to-enhanced-funding/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Sustaining DMI: Medicaid advanced planning document process. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/topic/resource/sustaining-dmi-medicaid-advanced-planning-document-process/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). How to modernize public health data infrastructure: A toolkit for public health leaders. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/topic/toolkit/how-to-modernize-data-infrastructure/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Data modernization primer tactical guides. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/topic/report/data-modernization-primer-tactical-guides/
Public Health Accreditation Board. Utilizing service and resource sharing for public health data modernization [Issue brief]. 2025. Available at: https://phaboard.org/wp-content/uploads/Utilizing-Service-and-Resource-Sharing-for-Public-Health-Data-Modernization-June-2025.pdf
Public Health Informatics Institute (PHII). (n.d.). Data modernization implementation toolkit (DMI Toolkit). 2026. Available at: https://phii.org/course/dmitoolkit/

IIS modernization

Vigezzi, GP, Maggioni E, Clavario L, et al. Immunization information systems’ implementation and characteristics across the world: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Review of Vaccines, 24(1) Vigezzi, 668–702. 2025. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2025.2510338
Sekar, K. Immunization information systems: overview and current issues. 2022. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47024#:~:text=During%20the%20
COVID%2D19%20pandemic,fund%20IIS%20technology%20and%20operations.
Shen A K, Sobczyk E A, Coyle R, et al. How ready was the US vaccination infrastructure and network of immunization information systems for COVID-19 vaccination campaigns: Recommendations to strengthen the routine vaccination program and prepare for the next pandemic. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(5). 2022. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2022.2088010
Popovich P, Watkins T, Baker B. A Model for Sustaining and Investing in Immunization Information Systems. Online J Public Health Inform. 11(2):e20. 2019. Available at: https://ojphi.jmir.org/2019/2/e62593

IIS value

Donckels EA, Cunniff L, Regenold R, et al. Understanding diversity of policies, functionalities, and operationalization of immunization information systems and their Impact: a targeted review of the literature. Vaccines. 2023; 11(7):1242. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071242
American Immunization Registry Association (AIRA). How IIS Support a Patient’s Journey. Available at: https://repository.immregistries.org/files/resources/5caf7b197bf77/how_iis_support_a_patient_s_journey_infographic.pdf
Muscoplat MH, Rajamani S. Immunization information system and informatics to promote immunizations: perspective from Minnesota immunization information connection. Biomedical Informatics Insights Volume 9, 2017. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178222616688893

Policy

Israelsen-Hartley S, Boucher NA. Barriers to and Facilitators of Pediatric Vaccination Reporting in Four US States, 2023. Am J Public Health. 114(6):569–574. 2024. Available at: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307638?journalCode=ajph
Heersema, L.A., Cunniff, L., Eiden, A.L. et al. Intersection of policy and Immunization Information Systems (IIS) – PMC BMC Public Health 23, 1828. 2023. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10510248/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Public health for the 21st Century: public health data modernization and privacy protections. Legislative overview series: 2022 public health spotlight. Available at: https://www.astho.org/49d9dc/globalassets/pdf/legislative-prospectus-series/2022-data-modernization.pdf

Public health sustainability

Chudgar, R. Approaching public health sustainability: Shared service and resource methods. JPHMP Direct. 2025. Available at: https://jphmpdirect.com/approaching-public-health-sustainability-shared-service-and-resource-methods/

Shared services

Abbot EK, Coyle R, Dayton A, et al. Measurement and improvement as a model to strengthen immunization information systems and overcome data gaps. 2021. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1386505621000381

Workforce development/partnerships

Public Health Foundation. Academic health department partnerships toolkit. 2025. Available at: https://phf.org/tools-resources/academic-health-department-partnerships-toolkit/
Bell S, McMillon M, Lowe A. Cultivating a culture of planning. Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/cultivating-a-culture-of-planning/
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). (n.d.). Workforce Planning Tools: Frameworks that enhance workforce well-being and retention. 2024. Available at: https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/frameworks-that-enhance-workforce-well-being-retention/
Public Health Accreditation Board. (n.d.). Staff sharing: A checklist for developing and implementing agreements [Checklist]. Available at: https://phaboard.org/wp-content/uploads/staff-sharing-checklist.pdf